Exercise Question Answers Chapter 12-Understanding Markets(Theme E-Economic Life Around Us) Subject Social Science Class 7 ************************ 1. What are the main features of a market? Recall a recent visit to a market to purchase a product. What are the different features of a market that you observed during this visit? Answer: A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods or services. One key feature is price negotiation , especially in informal or local markets. Markets have variety of goods , ranging from food to clothes and electronics. They often involve interpersonal interactions and bargaining. Payment methods can vary: cash, UPI, or card. In my recent visit to a vegetable market, I saw vendors calling out prices, people comparing items, and many buyers using mobile UPI for quick payments. 2. Remember the epigraph from a famous economist at the beginning of the chapter? Discuss its relev...
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The Beginning of Indian Civilization
Class-6
Subject-Social Science
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What is civilization?
Civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached.
Features of Civilization
- Civilisations have large organised communities or cities where people live and work together.
- Civilizations have rich traditions, art and beliefs that are shared among their people.
- They use advanced tools and techniques to make life easier and more productive.
- Civilisations often have writing systems to record important information and communicate.
- They have systems of leadership and rules to help manage and organise the society.
Beginning of the Civilization
- Civilisation began at different times in different parts of the world.
- In the region known as Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), that happened about 6,000 years ago.
- The civilisation in ancient Egypt followed a few centuries later.
From Village to City
- From about 3500 BCE, villages grew into towns.
- With increasing trade and other exchanges, those towns further grew into cities.
- This transition happened around 2600 BCE.
- Archaeologists gave this civilisation several names — ‘Indus’, ‘Harappan’, ‘Indus-Sarasvatī’ or ‘Sindhu-Sarasvatī’ civilisation.
- Its inhabitants are called ‘Harappans’.
- It is one of the oldest civilisations in the world.
Town Planning
- Town planning is important part of civilization.
- Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the first two cities discovered in town civilization.
- It was identify in 1924.
- Several sites followed in the Indus plains.
- This is the reason, it is called ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
- Later on, major cities were discovered:
- Dholavira (in Gujarat).
- Rakhigarhi (in Haryana).
- Ganweriwala (in the Cholistan desert in Pakistan).
- Hundred of smaller cities (such as Lothal in Gujarat).
Harappan Cities:
- The larger Harappan cities were built according to precise plans.
- They had wide streets which were often oriented to the cardinal directions.
- Most cities seem to have been surrounded by fortifications and
had two distinct parts —
- the ‘upper town’, where the local elite probably lived,
- the ‘lower town’, where common people lived.
- Some large buildings seem to have been used for collective purposes —
- Warehouses where goods to be transported were stored.
- Individual houses of various sizes lined the streets and smaller lanes.
- All those buildings were generally made of bricks.
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