Bridging the Gap: A Sustainable Start for Class 9 Social Science Learners The transition from Class 8 to Class 9 is not just a change of class; rather, it is a crucial phase where students need to strengthen their foundational concepts. Therefore, the Classroom Readiness Module (CRM) acts as a bridge course designed to ensure a smooth academic shift. Moreover, this one-week programme helps students revise key topics while gradually preparing them for advanced learning. To begin with, the module focuses on revisiting essential concepts such as natural resources, sustainability, political developments, and basic economic ideas. As highlighted in the module , the aim is not only to recall previous knowledge but also to develop deeper understanding. Consequently, students move beyond rote learning and start focusing on conceptual clarity. Furthermore , the CRM adopts an activity-based and experiential learning approach. For instance, students are encouraged to identify resources in their...
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PowerPoint Presentation
The Beginning of Indian Civilization
Class-6
Subject-Social Science
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What is civilization?
Civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached.
Features of Civilization
- Civilisations have large organised communities or cities where people live and work together.
- Civilizations have rich traditions, art and beliefs that are shared among their people.
- They use advanced tools and techniques to make life easier and more productive.
- Civilisations often have writing systems to record important information and communicate.
- They have systems of leadership and rules to help manage and organise the society.
Beginning of the Civilization
- Civilisation began at different times in different parts of the world.
- In the region known as Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), that happened about 6,000 years ago.
- The civilisation in ancient Egypt followed a few centuries later.
From Village to City
- From about 3500 BCE, villages grew into towns.
- With increasing trade and other exchanges, those towns further grew into cities.
- This transition happened around 2600 BCE.
- Archaeologists gave this civilisation several names — ‘Indus’, ‘Harappan’, ‘Indus-Sarasvatī’ or ‘Sindhu-Sarasvatī’ civilisation.
- Its inhabitants are called ‘Harappans’.
- It is one of the oldest civilisations in the world.
Town Planning
- Town planning is important part of civilization.
- Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the first two cities discovered in town civilization.
- It was identify in 1924.
- Several sites followed in the Indus plains.
- This is the reason, it is called ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
- Later on, major cities were discovered:
- Dholavira (in Gujarat).
- Rakhigarhi (in Haryana).
- Ganweriwala (in the Cholistan desert in Pakistan).
- Hundred of smaller cities (such as Lothal in Gujarat).
Harappan Cities:
- The larger Harappan cities were built according to precise plans.
- They had wide streets which were often oriented to the cardinal directions.
- Most cities seem to have been surrounded by fortifications and
had two distinct parts —
- the ‘upper town’, where the local elite probably lived,
- the ‘lower town’, where common people lived.
- Some large buildings seem to have been used for collective purposes —
- Warehouses where goods to be transported were stored.
- Individual houses of various sizes lined the streets and smaller lanes.
- All those buildings were generally made of bricks.
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