Exercise Question Answer for Chapter 1 -The Story of Indian Farming for Class 7 in Subject Social Science ******************************** The Big Questions ? 1. What are the main characteristics of Indian agriculture? Indian agriculture includes crop farming, animal rearing, fisheries, forestry, and horticulture . It is practiced in different climates and regions across the country. Farming follows three seasons – kharif, rabi, and zaid . It uses a mix of traditional and modern methods . A large part of India’s population depends on agriculture for livelihood . 2. How are farming, climate, soil, and water interrelated? Climate decides temperature and rainfall needed for crops. Soil type provides nutrients and support to plants. Water availability affects crop growth and yield. Different crops grow where climate, soil, and water suit them . Farming depends on the balance of all three factors . 3. How can traditional practices and contemporary ones co...
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PowerPoint Presentation
The Beginning of Indian Civilization
Class-6
Subject-Social Science
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What is civilization?
Civilization is an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached.
Features of Civilization
- Civilisations have large organised communities or cities where people live and work together.
- Civilizations have rich traditions, art and beliefs that are shared among their people.
- They use advanced tools and techniques to make life easier and more productive.
- Civilisations often have writing systems to record important information and communicate.
- They have systems of leadership and rules to help manage and organise the society.
Beginning of the Civilization
- Civilisation began at different times in different parts of the world.
- In the region known as Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), that happened about 6,000 years ago.
- The civilisation in ancient Egypt followed a few centuries later.
From Village to City
- From about 3500 BCE, villages grew into towns.
- With increasing trade and other exchanges, those towns further grew into cities.
- This transition happened around 2600 BCE.
- Archaeologists gave this civilisation several names — ‘Indus’, ‘Harappan’, ‘Indus-Sarasvatī’ or ‘Sindhu-Sarasvatī’ civilisation.
- Its inhabitants are called ‘Harappans’.
- It is one of the oldest civilisations in the world.
Town Planning
- Town planning is important part of civilization.
- Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the first two cities discovered in town civilization.
- It was identify in 1924.
- Several sites followed in the Indus plains.
- This is the reason, it is called ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
- Later on, major cities were discovered:
- Dholavira (in Gujarat).
- Rakhigarhi (in Haryana).
- Ganweriwala (in the Cholistan desert in Pakistan).
- Hundred of smaller cities (such as Lothal in Gujarat).
Harappan Cities:
- The larger Harappan cities were built according to precise plans.
- They had wide streets which were often oriented to the cardinal directions.
- Most cities seem to have been surrounded by fortifications and
had two distinct parts —
- the ‘upper town’, where the local elite probably lived,
- the ‘lower town’, where common people lived.
- Some large buildings seem to have been used for collective purposes —
- Warehouses where goods to be transported were stored.
- Individual houses of various sizes lined the streets and smaller lanes.
- All those buildings were generally made of bricks.
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