Exercise Question Answers for Chapter 2 Reshaping India’s Political Map for Class VIII in subject social Science ********************************* Questions and activities: 1. Compare the political strategies of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. What similarities and differences existed between them? Answer: Similarities: Both aimed to control a large part of India. Both used strong armies and weapons to conquer. Taxes from people and trade were their main income. Built forts, palaces, and mosques/temples. Faced resistance from local rulers. Differences: Delhi Sultans mostly ruled through force and raids. Mughal rulers, especially Akbar, used alliances, marriages, and tolerance. Mughals built a better administration (mansabdari system). Delhi Sultans shifted capitals and had frequent violent successions. Mughals stayed in power longer because of better planning. 2. Why did kingdoms like the Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahom Kin...
Class 8 Civics (Social Science) Activity 1 for Week-1
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Day-1-2
The Constitution of India:
✅ What is a Constitution?
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A constitution is a set of written rules and principles that governs a country.
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It defines the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
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It also explains how the government will work.
✅ Importance of Constitution / Why Do We Need a Constitution?
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Provides Rules and Laws: It ensures law and order in the country.
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Protects Rights: It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens.
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Defines Government Structure: It explains the roles of different branches of government.
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Ensures Equality and Justice: Promotes fairness and prevents discrimination.
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Promotes Unity: It brings together people of different cultures and backgrounds.
✅ Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution
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The Drafting Committee was formed to write the Indian Constitution.
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It had 7 members and was chaired by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
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The committee worked for almost 3 years(2 years 11 months 18 days) to complete the Constitution.
✅ Role of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in Making of Constitution
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Chairperson of Drafting Committee: He led the team that wrote the Constitution.
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Voice of Equality: Worked to ensure justice and rights for all citizens.
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Promoted Social Justice: Strongly opposed caste discrimination.
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Protected Fundamental Rights: Focused on individual freedom and dignity.
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Constitutional Expert: His knowledge and leadership were key in forming the Constitution.
✅ Key Features of the Indian Constitution
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Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic: India is independent, believes in equality, and respects all religions.
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Fundamental Rights: It guarantees basic rights like freedom of speech and equality.
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Directive Principles of State Policy: Guidelines for the government to ensure the welfare of people.
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Federal System: Division of power between the central and state governments.
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Secularism: No official religion, and all religions are treated equally.
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Independent Judiciary: Ensures justice for all and checks government power.
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Universal Adult Franchise: Every citizen above 18 has the right to vote.
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✅ Guardian of the Indian Constitution
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The Supreme Court of India is known as the Guardian of the Indian Constitution.
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It ensures that the Constitution is followed and protects the fundamental rights of citizens.
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The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, meaning it can check whether laws made by the government are constitutional or not.
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It acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution.
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If any law or action violates the Constitution, the Supreme Court can declare it invalid.
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Day-3-4
✅ What is Parliament?
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Parliament is the supreme legislative body of India.
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It consists of two houses: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
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It represents the people of India and makes important decisions for the country.
✅ Role of the Parliament
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Makes laws for the country.
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Approves the budget and manages government spending.
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Discusses and debates important issues.
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Checks the work of the government and holds it accountable.
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Represents the views of the citizens.
✅ Difference Between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
| Aspect | Lok Sabha | Rajya Sabha |
|---|---|---|
| Also Called | House of the People | Council of States |
| Members | 543 Members | 245 Members(233+12 Nominated by President) |
| Election | Members elected by the people | Members elected by State Legislative Assemblies |
| Term | 5 Years | Permanent, but one-third members retire every 2 years |
| Leader | Speaker of the Lok Sabha | Vice President of India (Chairperson) |
| Role | Introduces and passes money bills | Reviews and suggests changes to bills |
| Power | More powerful in money-related matters | Less power in financial matters |
✅ Who Makes New Laws?
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Parliament makes new laws.
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Members of Parliament (MPs) discuss and vote on proposed laws, called bills.
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If a bill is approved by both houses and signed by the President, it becomes a law.
✅ Unpopular and Controversial Laws
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Sometimes, the government may pass laws that are unpopular or controversial.
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People can express their disagreement through protests or public debates.
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Courts can also check if the law violates the Constitution.
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Parliament can review and make changes to such laws based on public opinion.
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