Bridging the Gap: A Sustainable Start for Class 9 Social Science Learners The transition from Class 8 to Class 9 is not just a change of class; rather, it is a crucial phase where students need to strengthen their foundational concepts. Therefore, the Classroom Readiness Module (CRM) acts as a bridge course designed to ensure a smooth academic shift. Moreover, this one-week programme helps students revise key topics while gradually preparing them for advanced learning. To begin with, the module focuses on revisiting essential concepts such as natural resources, sustainability, political developments, and basic economic ideas. As highlighted in the module , the aim is not only to recall previous knowledge but also to develop deeper understanding. Consequently, students move beyond rote learning and start focusing on conceptual clarity. Furthermore , the CRM adopts an activity-based and experiential learning approach. For instance, students are encouraged to identify resources in their...
PowerPoint Presentation for Class 10 Chapter 2 Federalism (Democratic Politics-II) Social Science
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What is federalism?
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
Usually, a federation has two levels of government.
One is the government for the entire country.
The others are governments at the level of provinces or states
features of federalism
There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
Different tiers of government govern the same citizens.
Each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation,taxation and administration.
The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government.
Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.
Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, and accommodate regional diversity.
What makes India a federal country?
1. India has three levels of the government e.i Central Government, State Government and local government.
2. Indian constitution clearly allocates powers to different levels of government under Union list, state list and concurrent list.
3. The supreme court has been given the power to solve federal disputes.
4. Sources of revenue by levying taxes are clearly demarcated. Every level is free in it's own way to impose taxes.
5. The constitution of India is rigid. It is rigid in the sense that no changes can be made in it unless both Central and state government approve the changes.
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