PowerPoint Presentation for Chapter 2-Understanding the Weather-Class 7-Subject Social Science ********************************* Weather Weather is the condition of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. It includes temperature, rainfall, wind, humidity, and air pressure. Atmosphere: It is the layer of gases that surround some planets — in the case of our Earth, we call these gases ‘air’. The Earth’s atmosphere may be compared to a cake with several layers. The layer closest to the surface of the Earth is called the ‘troposphere’. We use many words to describe the weather — hot, cold, rainy, cloudy, humid, snowy, windy, and so on. Elements of Weather Temperature: How hot or cold the atmosphere is. Precipitation: Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet or hail, that falls from the sk...
Exercise Question Answers Chapter 3 New Beginnings: Cities and States (History) Subject Social Science Class 7
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1. Consider the quotation at the start of the chapter and
discuss in several groups. Compare your observations and
conclusions on what Kauṭilya recommends for a kingdom.
Is it very different today?
Answer: Kauṭilya recommends for a kingdom:
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A good kingdom should have forts, fertile land, forests, mines, and pastures.
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It should not depend only on rain, but have good water sources.
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Roads and waterways must be well-built for easy movement.
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A strong economy with a variety of goods is important.
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Comparison: Even today, countries focus on good infrastructure, strong economy, agriculture, and security — so Kauṭilya’s ideas are still very relevant!
2. According to the text, how were rulers chosen in early
Vedic society?
Answer: Rulers were chosen in early Vedic society because:
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Rulers (rājās) were selected from among the elders of the clan.
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Assemblies like sabha and samiti gave advice to the rājā.
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The rājā was expected to rule with consultation, not absolute power.
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In some regions, the assembly could remove a bad ruler.
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Later, in many places, kingship became hereditary (passed from father to son).
3. Imagine you are a historian studying ancient India. What
types of sources (archaeological, literary, etc.) would you
use to learn more about the mahājanapadas? Explain how
each source might contribute to your understanding.
Answer:
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Archaeological evidence: Excavations of ancient cities, forts, coins, and tools.
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Ancient texts: Vedic, Buddhist, and Jain literature describing kings, cities, and laws.
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Inscriptions: Stone writings about rulers, battles, and administration.
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Foreign travelers' accounts: Later travelers' writings give clues about old times.
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Monuments: Remains like moats, gates, and fortifications tell about city planning.
4. Why was the development of iron metallurgy so important
for the growth of urbanism in the 1st millennium BCE?
You may use points from the chapter but also from your
knowledge or imagination.
Answer:
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Stronger tools: Iron ploughs helped farmers grow more food.
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Better weapons: Iron swords and spears made armies stronger.
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Bigger cities: Surplus food supported larger populations and cities.
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Trade increase: Iron tools and weapons were important trade items.
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Expansion: Stronger tools helped clear forests and expand settlements.
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To Learn More NCERT Solutions:
Chapter 1- Geographical Diversity of India
Chapter 2- Understanding the Weather (wait)
Chapter 3- Climates of India
Chapter 4- New Beginnings: Cities and States
Chapter 5- The Rise of Empires
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In Text Question Answers:
Chapter 1- Geographical Diversity of India (wait)
Chapter 2- Understanding the Weather (wait)
Chapter 3- Climates of India
Chapter 4- New Beginnings: Cities and States
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