Exercise Question Answers Chapter 7 – The Gupta Era: An Age of Tireless Creativity Class 7 subject Social Science *************************** 1. Imagine you receive a letter from someone living in the Gupta Empire. The letter starts like this: “Greetings from Pāṭaliputra! Life here is vibrant and full of excitement. Just yesterday, I witnessed …”Complete the letter with a short paragraph (250–300 words) describing life in the Gupta Empire. Answer: “Greetings from Pāṭaliputra! Life here is vibrant and full of excitement. Just yesterday, I witnessed …”** (Complete the letter in points) I witnessed a grand court assembly in the palace of King Chandragupta II. Scholars like Aryabhaṭa and Kālidāsa were honored for their contributions. Merchants from faraway lands like China and Southeast Asia were present. Streets were clean and filled with prosperous traders and citizens. Temples and sculptures are being built with amazing craftsmanship. The king's generosity and ...
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
CLASS-10 SUBJECT-SST
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Q1. What were the political and constitutional changes came in the wake of French Revolution?
Answer:
1. Monarchy converted into Sovereignty.
2. Ideas of the la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized.
3. National assembly was formed.
4. New French flag was selected.
5. New hymns were composed.
6. A centralized administrative system was introduced.
7. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Q2. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient?
Answer:
1. He introduced a new Civil Code 1804 known as the Napoleonic code.
2. He abolished birth based privileged.
3. He established equality before law.
4. He simplified the administrative divisions.
5. He removed the Guild restrictions from towns.
6. He laid stress on transportation, communication and banking system.
7. common currency was introduced.
8. Right to property was given.
9. Feudal system was abolished.
Q3. Discuss the lives of the aristocrats and in the 19th century France.
Or
"Socially and politically a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europeinthe19th Century". support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
1. The landed aristocracy dominated in all social and political spheres.
2. The members of this class were United by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
3. Huge estates and large town houses were owned by them.
4. They spoke French for the purposes of diplomacy.
5. They were socially more United as they have marriage relationship among their families.
6. This powerful group was numerically a small but they dominated with power.
Q4. What were the political social and economic ideas supported by liberals?
Answer:
1.Political ideas:- Politically it stood for freedom of individual, equality before law, government by consent, National unification, Nation state with the written constitution.
2. Social ideas:- Socially they wanted to get rid of society of its class based discrimination and but right. Serfdom and bounded labor had to be abolished.
3. Economic ideas:- Economically they wanted freedom of market and abolition of restrictions on the goods and capital.
Q5. What was the ideology of conservatives after 1815?
Answer:
1. They believe that established traditional Institutions of state and Society such as monarchy, social hierarchies, property and family and Church should be preserved.
2. They did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days whether they favored Napoleon exchanges and wanted to adopt modernization.
3. They believed modernization contribute to strengthen traditional Institution of monarchy.
4. Conservatives began to believe that monarchies of Europe would be strengthening by a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and by the abolition of feudalism and serfdom.
Q6. How was the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 implemented? explain with examples.
or
How did French territory undergo changes due to the Treaty of Vienna in 1815?
Answer:
1. After defeating Napoleon European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
2. It was hosted by Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich.
3. The main objective was to restore monarchy.
4. Bourbon dynasty was put back in power.
5. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion.
6. A series of states was set up like
(a) Kingdom of Netherlands in the north
(b) Genova was added to Piedmont in the south
(c) Austria got the control of north Italy
(d) Russia was given part of Poland
(e) Russia got a part of saxony
(f) German Confederation was left untouched.
Q7. What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815.
or
What led to the Rise of the revolutionaries after the establishment of the conservatives regimes in Europe after 1815?
Answer:
1. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
2. They did not tolerate criticism and argument.
3. They imposed censorship law to control what was that in newspaper, books, plays and songs.
4. The idea of liberty and freedom of expression was curbed.
Q8. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Discuss his role as revolutionary.
Answer:
1. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian Revolutionary and he was born in Genova in 1807.
2. He became a member of Secrets societies and at the age of 24 he sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
3. He founded two secret societies Young Italy and Young Europe.
4. The members of his societies were young men from Poland, France, Italy and German States.
5. He believed that God had intended Nations to be the natural units of mankind.
6. He believe that Italy could not continue to be the Patchwork of small states of kingdom.
7. He constant opposition to monarchy and his vision of Democratic Republic afraid the conservatives.
Q9. Write a note on the Greek war of independence.
Answer:
Greek War of Independence was a successful war of independence against the Ottoman Empire.
1. Greek had been a part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century.
2. The growth of nationalism started in Greek in 1821.
3. Nationalist got the support from other Greek living in exile.
4. Poet, artist mobilize public opinion to support its struggle against Muslim Empire.
5. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in war.
6. Finally Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent Nation.
Q10. "Culture played an important role in creating the idea of Nationalism in Europe". Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
1. The art, poetry, stories and music helped a lot in shape of Nationalist feelings. Romantic Artist and poet criticize the glorification of Science and Technology. They focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
2. German philosopher Johann Gottfried claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among common people. it was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of nation was popularized.
3. Vernacular language carried the Nationalist message to large audience who were illiterate.
Q11. "The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe". support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The 1830 were called the years of great economic hardship in Europe because of the following reasons:-
1. Population increased all over the Europe.
2. There were more seekers of jobs than employment.
3. The rise of food prices let to poverty in country.
4. Small producers face stiff competition.
5. Peasants suffered because of less agrarian facilities, burden of feudal dues and obligations.
Q12. What were the conditions of France in 1848?
Or
What was the revolution of 1848?
Answer:
1. The year of 1848 was one such year in which food shortage and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on roads.
2. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
3. A national assembly was formed.
4. It gave voting right to male about 21 years.
5. National workshop were setup to provide employment to the people.
Q13. Write a short note on Frankfurt Parliament.
Answer:
1. It is the name of German national assembly during the revolution of 1848.
2. On May 1848, 831 elected representative marched toward Frankfurt Parliament to take their places.
3. This Parliament proposed the unification of Germany under the king of Prussia.
4. The king of Prussia, however, opposed the idea of becoming a constitutional monarchy and decline the offer.
5. In the and troops were called in and the Assembly was forced to disband.
6. Thus, it ended the first phase of unification of Germany.
Q14. Explain the unification of Germany.
Ans.
1. The middle class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German Confederation into a nation state.
2. Prussian Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck with the help of Army and Bureaucracy carried out the task of unification.
3. He adopted 'Blood and Iron Policy' to broke the domination of Austria.
4. Three wars over 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
5. On 18 January, 1871 the Prussian king Kaiser William 1 was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
Q15. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer:
1. During the middle of the 19th Century, Italy was divided into seven States.
2. The north was under the Austrian Habsburg, the center was ruled by the Pope and the southern region were under the domination of Bourbon king of Spain.
3. During 1830, Mazzini sought to put together a coherent program for a unitary Italian Republic.
4. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Cavour. He allied with France and defeated Austria in 1859.
5. Meanwhile Garibaldi marched into the South Italy with his Revolutionary force and kingdom of the Two Sicilies joined Sardinia.
6. Later on Papal State the France also joined hands with Sardinia.
7. In 1861, the process of unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.
Q16. How was the history of Nationalism in Britain Unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer:
1. There was no British Nation prior to 18th century.
2. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnics- English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
3. All of these ethnic groups had their own culture and political traditions.
4. But as the English Nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power.
5. It was able to extend its influence over other nations of the island.
6. The English Parliaments seized the power from monarchy.
7. The act of Union in 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.
8. Ireland was forcefully incorporated into the United Kingdom.
Q17. Why did Nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Or
What conditions of Balkan area led to World War-I?
Or
Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871inEurope.
Ans.
1. Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
2. People of this reason were broadly known as Slavs.
3. Balkan States for under the control of Ottoman Empire.
4. The majority of the people of Balkan states were Christians. The Muslim ruler oppressed them in many ways.
5. With the spread of romantic nationalism Ottoman Empire started declining.
6. One by one these days broke away from its control and declared Independence.
7. At the same time, there was a clash of interest among the big power in the Balkans.
8. Each power- Russia, Germany, England and Austria was keen to gain more territory at expense of the others.
9. This led to a series of war in the region and finally the first world war started.
Q18. How language played a very important role in developing Nationalist sentiments?
Ans.
1. Language also played a distinctive role in developing Nationalist feeling in Europe.
2. After Russian occupied Poland, the polish language was out of the schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere.
3. An armed rebellion against Russian rule took place but it was crushed.
4. After the defeat many members of the clergy in Poland started use of language as weapons against Russia.
5. Polish was used for church gathering and all religious instructions.
6. As a result several priests and bishops were put in jail by Russian authorities.
7. The use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
Q19. Explain the role of women in the Nationalist struggle.
Ans.
1. In all the European States women had taken an active part in the Nationalist struggles of their countries.
2. They were equally responsible for demanding constitutionalism with National unification.
3. They had formed their own political Association, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
4. Despite that they were denied equal voting rights like those of men.
5. In reality the issue of extending political right to women was a controversial one even within the liberal moment(1848).
6. When Frankfurt Parliament convened in 1848, they were admitted only as observer to stand in the visitors' gallery.
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