Important Question Answers for the Class 9-Social Science Chapter 3- The Dynamic Atmosphere and Changing Climate ***************************** Very Short Answer Type Questions: 1. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? Answer: The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. 2. Name the gas that makes up the highest percentage of the atmosphere. Answer: Nitrogen makes up the highest percentage of the atmosphere. 3. Which element of weather is measured using a barometer? Answer: A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure . 4. What is the normal duration of the southwest monsoon in India? Answer: The southwest monsoon usually lasts from June to September . 5. Which season in India is known as the “hot weather season”? Answer: The summer season is known as the hot weather season. 6. Name the process by which water vapour turns into clouds. Answer: The process is called condensation . 7....
The Age of Industrialisation
(History)
Class-10
Subject-Social Studies
********************************************
Q1. What you understand by the industrial revolution?
Ans.
Industrial revolution means mass production. The industry revolution infact replaced to domestic system by the new factory system.
In place of animal and manual power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things.
This revolution has replaced the cottage industry by the factories and Handwork by the machine work.
Q2. Define proto-industrialization? Mention the features of proto industrialization.
Answer:-
Proto-industrialization means the existence of industries before the factory system.
Even before factories began to appear in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for the International market.
This production was not based on factories, such a phase of industrialization is referred to as proto-industrialization.
Features:-
1. It was a system which was controlled by the merchants.
2. It was the centralised system of production under this system.
3. The work was done by involving whole family.
4. The workers remained in the countryside and continued to cultivate their small plots.
5. Within this system, a close relationship developed between the town and countryside.
6. This proto- industrial system was part of network of commercial exchange.
7. It was controlled by merchants, and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers within their family farms, not in factories.
Q3. What were trade guilds?
Answer:-
These were the associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition, and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
Q4. Why did merchants turn to countryside rather than setting up business in towns?
Answer:-
1. Merchants supplied money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an International market.
2. Demand for goods increased as the European powers had started to sell goods in their acquired colonies.
3. But merchants could not expand production within towns because urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.
4. Rulers granted different guilds to monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
5. It was therefore difficult, for new merchants to set up business in towns, so they turned to countryside.
Q5. In what ways proto industrial production help the poor farmers in countryside.
Or
Why the peasants agreed to work for the merchants?
Answer:-
1. In the countryside, poor peasants and artisans began looking for merchants. This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were closed.
2. Cottages and poor peasants, who had earlier depended on common land for their survival, had to know look for alternative sources of income.
3. When merchants offered advances to produce goods for them, peasants households eagerly agreed.
4. So income from proto- industrial agencies supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation and raised their standard of living.
Q6. Why did industrialist in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Ans.
1. In Britain, there was no shortage of human labour, so industrialist had no problem of labour shortage.
2. The other reason was that the typical worker in the mid 19th century was not a machine operator but the traditional craft person and labour.
3. In many industries that demand for labour was seasonal.
4. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season.
5. New technology was expensive, and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
6.The machines often broke down and repair was costly.
Q7. Explain the impact of industrialization on workers.
Ans.
1. More availability of workers:
There was abundance of workers in the market than the demand. This had adverse impact on the lives of workers.
2. Seasonality of work:
Seasonality of work in many industries meant long period without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the street again.
3. Lower wages:
Though the wages increased somewhat in the 18th century but the increase was very low as for the welfare of the workers.
4. Unemployment and poverty:-
Till mid 19th century, about 10% of the urban population were extremely poor. During the periods of economics slump The unemployment went up to 35 and 75% in different regions.
Q8. Why women attacked on the spinning journey? Explain.
Ans.
1. Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764.
2. This machine speed up the spinning process and reduced labour demand by the use of machine.
3. Single worker could make a number of spindles and several threads at a time.
4. So when this machine was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spending begin attacking the new machines.
5. It was the fear of unemployment, which made women workers started attacking the Spinning Jenny.
Q9. Describe major problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in 19th century.
Or
Explained reasons for the decline of Indian textile industry by the end of 19th century.
Or
By the beginning of the 19th century, there was a long decline of textile exports from India. Explain by giving reasons.
Answer:
1. Development of cotton industries in England:
As cotton industries developed in England industrial group began worrying about imports from other countries.
2. Growth of Mills and falling demand:
With the growing mill and falling home demand British industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well.
3. Two edge policy:
To sell its manufacturers in India, East India company followed a two edge policy i.e. no taxes on import but high taxes on exports.
4. Manchester goods in India:
Cotton weavers and small producers in india, thus, face two problems. At the same time, their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank.
5. Shortage of raw material:
By the 1860s weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
Q10.
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Solutions Class 10 SST Civics (Political Science): Democratic Politics-II
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. Chapter 1 - Power Sharing
. Chapter 2 - Federalism
. Chapter 3 - Gender, Religion and Caste
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. Chapter 5 - Outcomes of Democracy
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. Chapter 2 - Nationalism In India
. Chapter 3 - The Making of a Global World
. Chapter 4 - The Age of industrialization
. Chapter 5 - Print Culture and the Modern World
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. Chapter 1- Resources and Development
. Chapter 2- Forest and Wildlife Resources
. Chapter 3- Water Resources
. Chapter 4- Minerals and Energy Resources
. Chapter 5- Manufacturing Industries
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