WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS-(QUESTION ANSWER)-Class 9-Social Science

CHAPTER-WORKING OF INSTITUTION
CLASS-9
SUBJECT-SST

*******************************************

Q1. What is a government order?

Answer: It is an order issued by the government to exchange information relating to day to day functions within its institute. It is also called Office Memorandum.

Q2. Who are decision makers in India?

Who are major functionaries in India?

Answer: These are the major decision makers in indis:

a) The President, who is the head of the state and the highest formal authority in the country.

b) The Prime Minister is the head of the governmental and one who usually exercises all the government powers.

c) The Parliament, which consists of 2 houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Prime. Minister must have the support of a majority of the Lok Sabha members.

Q3. Explain the features of the Mandal commission? Why was it appointed by the Indian government?

Answer: For the following reasons Mandal commission was formed:

1. The Government of India had appointed the second backward classes commission in 1979.

2. It was headed by BP Mandal, Hence, it is popularly called the Mandal commission.

3. This commission was asked to find out the criteria to identify the socially and educationally Backward classes in India and recommended steps to take on for their advancement.

4. The commission gave a report in 1980 with many recommendations.

5. One of these was that 27% of the government jobs should be resolved for the socially and economically backward classes.

Q4. Why do we need political institutions?

Answer:

1. Ensuring security to citizens,

2. Providing facilities like education, welfare, health.

3. Collecting Taxes

4. To run administration

5. formulating and implementing policies,

6. Resolving conflicts.

Q5. What means Parliament? Why do we need a Parliament?

Answer:

1. Parliament is the final authority in making laws.

2. In any country, it can change the existing laws, Abolish them and make new laws.

3. Parliament exercises control over those who run the government.

4. No decision can be taken without the support of the Parliament.

5. Parliament also controlled the money matters.

6. Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country. It can seek information on any matter.

Q6. Distinguish between the Lok Sabha and the Raja Sabha.

Answer:

Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

1. Directly elected members by the people.	1. Rajya sabah members are indirectly elected.
2. Lok Sabha members elected for 5 years	2. Rajya Sabha members elected for 6 years, but 1/3 members changed after every 2 year.
3. Known as the 'house of the people'.	3. Known as the 'council of the states'
4. The maximum strength of the house is can be 550.	4. Maximum strength of the Rajesh sabah is 250.
5. Money bill can only be passed in Lok Sabha.	5. No money related powers.
6. The Lok Sabha is more powerful,	6. Rajya Sabha is less powerful.
7. Lok sabha is chared by the Lok Sabha Speaker.	7. Raja Sabah is chaired by the Vice President of India.

Q7. Distinguish between political executive and permanent executive.

Answers:

Political Executives	Permanent Executives
1. These executives are elected by people for a specific period of time.	1. These are the civil servants appointed for a longer period of time.
2. These include Prime Minister cabinet ministers and council of ministers.	2. Persons working in civil services such as IAS, IPS, IFS etc.
3.They remain in office only for a fixed tenure.	3. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes. Their Daniel in office is fixed.
4. They are unable to the people for their actions.	4. They are not answerable to the people.
5. They take all the final decisions and are more powerful.	5. They are less powerful, they do not take decisions. They assist the political executives.

Q8. 'Prime Minister is the head of the government'. Justify this statement.

Explain the Power of the Prime Minister.

Answer:

1. Prime Minister is the head of the government.

2. He leads the majority party in the Parliament.

3. He/She chaired the meetings of the cabinet.

4. All the decisions by his cabinet are taken under his leadership' concert and authority.

5. He acts an adviser to the President over the appointment of his ministers, judges of Supreme Court, and high court.

6. He is free to choose his ministers and can change their portfolios.

Q9. Explain the powers and functions of the President of India.

Answer:

1. President is the head of the state.

2. President appoint the Prime Minister and his council of ministers.

3. President appoint the Chief Justice and judges of Supreme Court and high courts.

4. He is the chief commander of the defence forces.

5. He nominates 12 members to the Rajesh Sabha.

6. All the treaties made in the name of the President.

7. All the laws made in the name of the President.

8. All governmental activities take place in the name of the President.

Q10. Explain the powers and functions of Judiciary.

1. Original Jurisdiction :

The original jurisdiction extends to those cases which the Supreme Court has the authority to hear and decide in the first instance.

a) Between citizens of the country;

b) Between citizens and government;

c) Between two or more state governments;

d) Between governments at the union and state level.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction:

It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.

3. Advisory Jurisdiction :

As the highest court in the country, the Supreme Court gives legal advice to the President of India on any legal or constitutional matter referred to it. However, the advice is not binding on the Supreme Court.

4. Guardian of the Constitution:

The Supreme Court acts as the guardian and final interpreter of the Constitution. If the government passes any law or issues any order which is in violation of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law or order unconstitutional.

5. Guardian of Fundamental Rights:

The Supreme Court also acts as a guardian of the fundamental rights of the citizens. When a fundamental right of any citizen is violated by the government or any individual he can seek the protection of the Supreme Court.

*************************************