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NCERT Solutions-Chapter 2-Reshaping India’s Political Map-Class 8-Social Science

  Exercise Question Answers for Chapter 2 Reshaping India’s Political Map for Class VIII in subject social Science ********************************* Questions and activities: 1. Compare the political strategies of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. What similarities and differences existed between them?   Answer:  Similarities: Both aimed to control a large part of India. Both used strong armies and weapons to conquer. Taxes from people and trade were their main income. Built forts, palaces, and mosques/temples. Faced resistance from local rulers. Differences: Delhi Sultans mostly ruled through force and raids. Mughal rulers, especially Akbar, used alliances, marriages, and tolerance. Mughals built a better administration (mansabdari system). Delhi Sultans shifted capitals and had frequent violent successions. Mughals stayed in power longer because of better planning. 2. Why did kingdoms like the Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahom Kin...
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FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA(QUESTION ANSWER)-CLASS 9- SOCIAL SCIENCE

 

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA CLASS-9 SUBJECT-SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS)

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1. How is food security ensured in India?

Answer: 

  1. Buffer stock: Government buys and stores surplus foodgrains from farmers.

  2. Public Distribution System (PDS): Distributes food to poor people through ration shops.

  3. Minimum Support Price (MSP): Farmers are paid a fixed price to encourage foodgrain production.

  4. Poverty alleviation programmes: Schemes like MGNREGA, ICDS, and Midday Meals improve food access.

  5. Cooperatives and NGOs: Support food distribution through fair price shops and grain banks.

 2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?

Answer: 

  1. Landless labourers and small farmers with low income.

  2. Casual urban workers in low-paid jobs without regular income.

  3. SCs, STs, and some OBCs, especially those with poor land or job access.

  4. People affected by natural disasters and who are forced to migrate.

  5. Pregnant women, children, and elderly in poor families suffer the most.

 3. Which states are more food insecure in India?

Answer: 

  1. Bihar and Jharkhand – high poverty, low development.

  2. Odisha and Chhattisgarh – frequent natural disasters, tribal population.

  3. Eastern and southern Uttar Pradesh – dense population, poor agricultural output.

  4. West Bengal and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra – inequality and lack of job security.

  5. These regions show high rates of malnutrition and hunger.

4. Do you believe that Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?

Answer: 

Yes, it has.

  1. Green Revolution started in the 1960s increased wheat and rice production.

  2. Use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation boosted output.

  3. India became self-sufficient and avoided famines.

  4. Grain production reached over 310 million tonnes in 2020–21.

  5. However, growth was mainly in Punjab, Haryana, and UP, not equal everywhere.

5. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain.

Answer: 

  1. Poverty is the main reason; people don’t have money to buy food.

  2. Jobless and landless people can't earn enough to feed their families.

  3. People in remote or disaster-affected areas face food shortages.

  4. Women and children often eat last or less in poor households.

  5. Inefficiencies in the PDS and corruption can also deny food to the needy.

6. What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?

Answer: 

  1. Food production drops due to crop damage (e.g., drought, floods).

  2. Prices rise because of less supply in the market.

  3. Poor people can’t afford expensive food.

  4. In extreme cases, this leads to starvation or famine.

  5. Government uses buffer stock and PDS to control the crisis.

7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger.

Answer: 
Seasonal Hunger Chronic Hunger
Happens at certain times of the year. Happens all year round, continuously.
Related to farming cycles (no work in lean season). Caused by permanently low income.
Found in rural workers and urban casual labourers. Found in poorest families.
Lasts for short periods (few months). Lasts for long term or lifetime.
Example: Ramu’s family in textbook. Example: Beggars or landless poor.

 8. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes.

Answer: 

  1. Public Distribution System (PDS):

    • Supplies foodgrains at low prices through ration shops.

    • Ration cards (APL, BPL, Antyodaya) help families get food.

  2. Mid-Day Meal Scheme:

    • Provides free lunch in government schools.

    • Encourages school attendance and improves nutrition of children.

Other examples include: Antyodaya Anna Yojana, ICDS, and Food for Work programme.

9. Why is buffer stock created by the government?

Answer: 

  1. To ensure food availability during emergencies (e.g., drought, flood).

  2. Helps maintain price stability in the market.

  3. Ensures farmers get minimum support price.

  4. Stored grains are used for PDS and relief work.

  5. Acts as a national food reserve to prevent famines.

10. Write notes on:

Answer: 

(a) Minimum Support Price (MSP)

  • It is the price at which the government buys crops from farmers.

  • Encourages farmers to grow more food.

(b) Buffer Stock

  • Stock of wheat and rice kept by the government (FCI).

  • Used in times of shortage or high prices.

(c) Issue Price

  • Price at which grains are sold to poor people through ration shops.

  • Lower than market price.

(d) Fair Price Shops

  • Government ration shops that sell grains, sugar, and kerosene.

  • Meant for families with ration cards.

11. What are the problems in the functioning of ration shops?

Answer: 

  1. Some dealers divert grains to black market to earn more.

  2. Poor quality grains are sold to customers.

  3. Shops are often closed or irregular in timings.

  4. APL families get little benefit, so they avoid PDS.

  5. Corruption and improper management reduce the system’s effectiveness.

12. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.

Answer: 

  1. Cooperatives run fair price shops especially in states like Tamil Nadu.

  2. Mother Dairy in Delhi and Amul in Gujarat provide milk and vegetables.

  3. Grain Banks started by NGOs like ADS help during emergencies.

  4. Cooperatives provide goods at lower prices and reduce dependency on private sellers.

  5. They play a strong role in ensuring food security in rural and urban areas.


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For More Questions Click Below:

Class 9-History





Class 9- Civics
Chapter 2- People as Resource



Class 9- Geography



Chapter 3- Drainage

Chapter 4- Climate


Chapter 6- Population
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